XENOPHOBIA

DAVID AARONOVITCH ~ THE TIES THAT BIND ~ VOODOO HISTORIES ~ 2010

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~ HS ~ HISTORICAL PRECEDENT

~CWHTCPTCIE-AITWSLIIAEHOSCCBC ~ Conspiracists Work Hard To Convince People That Conspiracy Is Everywhere – An Individual Theory Will Seem Less Improbable If An Entire History Of Similar Cases Can Be Cited

~ S&S ~ SKEPTICS AND SHEEPLE

~ A-CT-ILTB-PP-ITIUCTLBAATBASPEATP-BC-BITCMYPOA-GHEG-WCSPTOV-B-TPTB ~ A – Conspiracy Theory – Is Likely To Be – Politically Populist – In That It Usually Claims To Lay Bare An Action Taken By A Small Power Elite Against The People – By Contrast – Belief In The Conspiracy Makes You Part Of A – Genuinely Heroic Elite Group – Who Can See Past The Official Version – By – The Powers That Be

~ JAQ ~ JUST ASKING QUESTIONS

~ TTIJA-CDQ-BOADT-SOT-A-TRISLTMU-H/H-M ~ The Theorist Is Just Asking – Certain Disturbing Questions – Because Of A Desire To – Seek Out Truth – And – The Reader Is Supposedly Left To Make Up – His / Her – Mind

~ EW ~ EXPERT WITNESSES

~ CDUTEO-C-A-‘E’-TVTT-AY-ACFO-MCT-I-TEOTSOE ~ Conspiracists Draw Upon The Endorsement Of – Celebrities – And – “Experts” – To Validate Their Theories – And Yet – A Constant Feature Of – Modern Conspiracy Theories – Is – The Exaggeration Of The Status Of Experts

~ IN-TBIOATQOTE-AAOTFITTACTQEOSATSAWSOELSTTA ~ If Necessary – Theorist Become Interestingly Opaque About The Qualifications Of Their Experts – Another Aspect Of This Fudging Is The Tendency Among Conspiracists To Quote Each Other So A To Suggest A Wide Spread Of Expertise Lending Support To The Argument

~ AC ~ ACADEMIC CREDIBILITY

~ TCWHTGT-WE-TVOS-TAHBDA-DBF-ATEOTTIA-DM-O-D-AO-UI-B-LOAA-AT-OTTI-SBQ-F-N-CS-TAITOTB-MAS ~ The Conspiracists Work Hard To Give Their – Written Evidence – The Veneer Of Scholarship – The Approach Has Been Described As – Death By Footnote – Accompanying The Exposition Of The Theory Is A – Dense Mass – Of – Detailed – And Often – Undifferentiated Information – But – Laid Out As An – Academic Text – Often The Theory Is – Supported By Quotations – From – Non-Conspiracist Sources – That Almost Invariably Turn Out To Be – Misleading And Selective

~ CIT ~ CONVENIENT INCONVENIENT TRUTHS

~ CAAW-TAHA-DF-WA-NAI-T-CBAWTTI ~ Conspiracists Are Always Winners – Their Arguments Have A – Determined Flexibility – Whereby Any – New And Inconvenient – Truth – Can Be Accommodated Within The Theory Itself

~ EAO-PITT-MBAT-DD-OWT-IP-DTTAOTS ~ Embarrassing And Obvious – Problems In The Theory – May Be Ascribed To – Deliberate Disinformation – Originating With The – Imagined Plotters – Designed To Throw Activists Off The Scent

~ US ~ UNDER SURVEILLANCE

~ CAITSTTIISTTA-EIT-‘S’-O-C-SE ~ Conspiracists Are Inclined To Suggest That Those Involved In Spreading The Theory Are – Even In The – “Safest” – Of – Countries – Somehow Endangered

DAVID AARONOVITCH ~ VOODOO HISTORIES ~ 2010

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~ FC ~ Fashionable Conspiracism

~ ABDOACTMB:TAO-DA-TS-TIMLTB-AOU ~ A Better Definition Of A Conspiracy Theory Might Be: The Attribution Of – Deliberate Agency – To Something – That Is More Likely To Be – Accidental Or Unintended

~ OR:OTBE-OHIMPTA-I-IIFNONA ~ Occam’s Razor: Other Things Being Equal – One Hypothesis Is More Plausible Than Another – If – It Involves Fewer Numbers Of New Assumptions

~ CIBMCI ~ Conspiracist Ideas Beget More Conspiracist Ideas

~ TUOR ~ The – Untidiness Of Reality

~ HFL ~ History For Losers

~ DBF ~ Death By Footnote

~ BICT-I-HII-IDOVOH-A-TO-TP-A-IWE-LT-DD ~ Belief In Conspiracy Theories – Is – Harmful In Itself – It Distorts Our View Of History – And – Therefore Of – The Present – And – If Widespread Enough – Leads To – Disastrous Decisions

~ TI-HC-SA-W-SAP-A-U ~ The Internet – Has Created – Shadow Armies – Whose – Size And Power – Are – Unknowable

ADAM SMITH ~ AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS ~ 1776

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~ TTWHT-GVIU-HF-LONVIE-A-OTC-TWHTGVIE-HFLONVIU ~ The Things Which Have The – Greatest Value In Use – Have Frequently – Little Or No Value In Exchange – And– On The Contrary – Those Which Have The Greatest Value In Exchange – Have Frequently Little Or No Value In Use

~ NIMUTW-B-IWPSA-SATCBHIEFI ~ Nothing Is More Useful Than Water – But – It Will Purchase Scarce Anything – Scarce Any Thing Can Be Had In Exchange For It

~ AFO-A-NFOP-S-IEAOTW-THB-TVMOTMOM ~ All For Ourselves – And – Nothing For Other People – Seems – In Every Age Of The World – To Have Been – The Vile Maxim Of The Masters Of Mankind

~ NSCSB-F-A-H-OW-TFGPOTMA-P-A-M ~ No Society Can Surely Be – Flourishing – And – Happy – Of Which – The Far Greater Part Of The Members Are – Poor – And – Miserable

~ I-GE-T-PWLI-TC-AI-TP-RFTSOA-F-MOT-SAI-F-TW-B-E-ATE-TAORITN-TEOTOFAA ~ In – Great Empires – The – People Who Live In – The Capital – And In – The Provinces – Remote From The Scene Of Action – Feel – Many Of Them – Scarce Any Inconveniency – From – The War – But – Enjoy – At Their Ease – The Amusement Of Reading In The Newspapers – The Exploits Of Their Own Fleets And Armies

~ O-M-A-M-M-CMO-TBEO-HW-I-RTP-A-T-LTSOTG-BA-HAA-TSNC-TBEOHP-TASWRT-TPEOTOG-TCOOTOOP ~ Our – Merchants – And – Master-Manufacturers – Complain Much Of – The Bad Effects Of – High Wages – In – Raising The Price – And – Thereby – Lessening The Sale Of Their Goods – Both At – Home And Abroad – They Say Nothing Concerning – The Bad Effects Of High Profits – They Are Silent With Regard To – The Pernicious Effects Of Their Own Gains – They Complain Only Of Those Of Other People

~ TSOES-OT-CTTSOTG-ANAP-IPTTRA ~ The Subjects Of Every State – Ought To – Contribute Toward The Support Of The Government – As Nearly As Possible – In Proportion To Their Respective Abilities

ADAM SMITH ~ THEORY OF MORAL SENTIMENTS ~ 1759

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~ V-I-TGS-A-V-TGD-O-HS ~ Virtue – Is – The Great Support – And – Vice – The Great Disturber – Of – Human Society

~ S-H-CSAT-WAAATRT-HAI-OA ~ Society– However – Cannot Subsist Among Those – Who Are At All Times Ready To – Hurt And Injure – One Another

~ BT-R-IU-TSO-T-GROM-A-OAT-MJ-WWFBMOT;IIA-AAU-TSTTFPO-RAW-CBDFR ~ But Though – Reason – Is Undoubtedly – The Source Of – The – General Rules Of Morality – And – Of All The – Moral Judgments – Which We Form By Means Of Them; It Is Altogether – Absurd And Unintelligible – To Suppose That The First Perceptions Of – Right And Wrong – Can Be Derived From Reason

~ TI-H-AS-WSTTAATDB-VAV-AOWTTIUTA-WP-S-IAER-E-T-GF-T-REPAWV ~ There Is – However – Another System – Which Seems To Take Away Altogether The Distinction Between – Vice And Virtue – And Of Which The Tendency Is Upon That Account– Wholly Pernicious – System – In Almost Every Respect – Erroneous – The – Great Fallacy – To – Represent Every Passion As Wholly Vicious

~ TDT-A-A-ATW-TR-A-TP-I-TG-A-MU-CO-TCOOMS ~ This Disposition To – Admire – And– Almost To Worship – The Rich – And – The Powerful – Is– The Great – And – Most Universal – Cause Of – The Corruption Of Our Moral Sentiments

HAROLD JOHNS ~ THE POWER OF STORY ~ 2022

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~ WAAS-WATSWAT-A-WATSWTO-TCOCWNTCOS ~ We Are All Story – We Are The Stores We Are Told – And – We Are The Stories We Tell Ourselves – To Change Our Circumstances We Need To Change Our Story

~ TWIOBISBS-ETYTIFBS ~ The Wiring In Our Brains Is Shaped By Story – Every Thought You Think Is Framed By Story

~ SCHASCK ~ Stories Can Heal And Stories Can Kill

~ ASAI-ASHP ~ All Stories Are Important – All Stories Have Power

~ EIAPS-IPAOMT-IWDTOSILWTES-WANLT ~ Economics Is A Powerful Story – It Permeates All Of Modern Thought – If We Don’t Tell Our Story In Line With The Economics story – We Are Not Listened To

ROY BAUMEISTER ~ SEVEN MYTHS ABOUT EVIL ~ EVIL ~ 1997

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~ EIA(FTVP;PAHAJ) ~ Evil Is Always Intentional (From The Victim’s Perspective; Perpetrators Always Have A Justification)

~ EIMBP ~ Evil Is Motivated By Pleasure

~ TVOEIIAG ~ The Victim Of Evil Is Innocent And Good

~ EICBPCDFU-WO ~ Evil Is Conducted By People Completely Different From Us – Wholly Other

~ EITOS-BION ~ Evil Is The Original Sin – Built Into Our Natures

~ EITO-NOOG-B-O-O/P/S ~ Evil Is The Opposite – Not Only Of Good – But – Of – Order / Peace / Stability

~ EPASEDTITSEBEA ~ Evil People Are Selfish Egotists Driven To Improve Their Self-Esteem By Evil Acts

BRIAN WATSON ~ HEADED INTO THE ABYSS ~ 2019

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~ C-I-NGTSTLO-2100-PNE-20170-NALIAFTYWTE-MOUAT-TTW-AGTBPO-CAD ~ Civilization – Is – Not Going To See The Light Of – 2100 – Perhaps Not Even – 2070 – Not At Least In Any Form That You’d Want To Experience – Most Of Us Alive Today – Throughout The World – Are Going To Be Part Of – Collapse And Dissolution

~ WMCCAFD-TA-AA-POCMTWCITAMOOD-B-WWNDS ~ We Might Change Course Away From Disaster – There Are – After All – Plenty Of Constructive Measures That We Could Implement To Address Most Of Our Difficulties – But – We Will Not Do So

~ ASOMAT-TS-G-A-TAU ~ All Sorts Of Madnesses Abound Today – Throughout Societies – Globally – And – They Afflict Us

~ TW-H-C-A-H-I ~ Today’s World – Hyper-Connected – And – Hyper-Interdependent

~ MVTUTTAS-TT-O-T-ITB-FTOT-B-TANS-I-TA-C/O/I/H/D/S/L/I/E/R/U ~ Many Voices Tell Us That Things Are Simple – That This – Or – That – Is To Blame – For This Or That – But – Things Are Not Simple – Instead – They Are – Complicated / Overlapping / Interrelated / Historical / Dynamic / Simultaneous / Logical / Illogical / Emotional / Resolvable / Unresolvable

~ O-I-A-E-S-A-TCFTC-WBAMFIHTFU ~ Our – Imagination – And – Emotional – Selves – And – The Contest For Their Control – Will Be A Major Factor In How The Future Unfolds

~ OCADEEO-UP-A-BUBP-WA-S-F-D-A-BI ~ Ordinary Citizens Are Dividing Against Each Other – Using Politics – And – Being Used By Politics – We Are – Splintering – Fragmenting – Deteriorating – And – Becoming Impotent

~ FTLT-WDAA-NMCTP-TWNEFP ~ For The Longest Time – We Didn’t Assign Any – Negative Monetary Costs To Pollution – There Was No Explicit Financial Penalty

~ T-GE-I-MAS ~ The – Gig Economy – Is – Mostly A Scam

~ TEIDW-I-WE-ITF-B-NAD-A-TPWO ~ The Economy Is Doing Well – If – We Essentially – Ignore The Future – Both – Near And Distant – And – The Path We’re On

~T-I-AAF-A-NN ~ Technology – Is – Always A Force – And – Never Neutral

~ EJTR-HJ-A-IHE-JTWMNDCB-DBM-WSBVT-AI ~ Even Jobs That Require – Human Judgement – And – Interpreting Human Emotion – Jobs That We Might Not Dream Could Be – Done By Machines – Will Soon Become Vulnerable To – Artificial Intelligence

~ C-C-A-P-W-SNNWTMW-AFTCTMT-RAP ~ Currently – Corporate – And – Political – Winners – See No Need Whatsoever To Mess With – A Formula That Continues To Make Them – Rich And Powerful

~ D-G-W’-II-U-AU-A-AOI-IIUTMUI-I/I/S-S/S/D/A/C-W-AP ~ Data – Gets – “Weaponized” – It Is – Used – Against Us – And – Against Our Interests – It Is Used To Make Us Into – Impulsive / Impressionable / Status-Seeking / Silly / Distracted / Acquisitive / Consuming – Web-Addicted People

~ D-IUT-M/C/D-B-OM-A-OB ~ Data – Is Used To – Modify / Change / Direct – Both – Our Moods – And – Our Behavior

~EANETL-C-KT-T-DS-HB-H/B/HFR/C ~ Enterprises Are Not Eager To Let – Customers – Know That – Their – Digital Systems – Have Been – Hacked / Breached / Held For Ransom / Compromised

~ N-D-C-CTTW-T-H ~ Now – Digital – Computerized – Connected To The Web – Therefore – Hackable

~ MAM-WBR-AC-‘L’-HTDTJ ~ More And More – Will Be Replaced – As Computers – “Learn” – How To Do Their Jobs

~ WAP ~ Without Anyone’s Permission

~ WI-DAU-T-ITEO-TI-A-IRI-E/M/H/W ~ What Is – Different And Unprecedented – Today – Is The Existence Of – The Internet – And – Its Role In – Enlarging / Magnifying / Hardening / Weaponizing

~ WAB-L-T.D-M-E/R-A-MEDBMTSRLOOA ~ We Are Becoming – Less – Tolerant / Discerning – More – Emotional / Reactive – And – More Easily Distracted By Matters That Should Receive Less Of Our Attention

~ PTTEOTI-IWFMDF-P-W-BOA-V-T-FEO-T-STP-A-T-BITN ~ Prior To The Existence Of The Internet – It Was Far More Difficult For – People – With – Bizarre Or Antisocial – Views – To – Find Each Other – To – Sell Their Propaganda – And – To – Be In The News

~ TROTIIC-E/S/TDAAA/TGU/TL/TT-P-W-FALVORAF-A-NTEOS-O-D-O-OVT-TO-TEC-O-T-TIOO-WAACOU-TA ~ The Role Of The Internet In Connecting – Extremists / Sociopaths / The Dangerously Angry And Alienated / The Grossly Uneducated / The Lost / The Traumatized – People – Who – For A Large Variety Of Reasons And Forces – Are – Near The Edge Of Sanity – Or – Desperate – Or – Otherwise Vulnerable To – Their Own – Throbbing Emotional Condition – Or – To – The Influence Of Others – Who Are Also – Consciously Or Unconsciously – Thrashing About

~ HWU-HCT-TOT-A-TEOE ~ Heavy Web Users – Have Come To – Think Of Themselves – As – The Equal Of Experts

~ T-I-O-SMAC-C-VAP-O-YP-MT-A-MIHFTTD-A-HS-A-WC-O-A-BP-T-C/A/C/M-A-E-TLDOO-MS-YP-ABE-TTOTLA-‘B’ ~ The – Interwovenness – Of – Social Media And Commercialization – Changes – Values And Perspectives – Of – Young People – Manipulates Them – And – Makes It Much Harder For Them To Develop – A – Healthily Skeptical – And – Wise Critique – Of – And – Balanced Posture – Toward – Commercialization / Advertising / Consumption / Materialism – And – Even – The Larger Design Of Our – Market System – Young People – Are Being Encouraged – To Think Of Themselves Literally As –”Brands”

~ AJIT-GE-T/I/WB/UU ~ A Job In The – Gig Economy – Temporary / Insecure / Without Benefits / Ultimately Unsustainable

~ OC-F-P-F-A-CAU-A-F-CAE-A-BR ~ Our Capacities – For – Patience – For – Accepting – Complexity And Uncertainty – And – For – Cooperation And Empathy – Are – Being Reduced

~ WL-QT-IOL-WAL-T-CAA-F-DAC-RAI ~ With Less – Quiet Time – In Our Lives – We Are Losing – The – Capacity And Affinity – For – Deep And Critical – Reflection And Introspection

~ WW-I-TP-TB-S-W-F/F/S-I ~ WebWorld – Is – Training People – To Be – Satisfied – With – Fast / Fragmented / Superficial

~ WHE-‘C’-A-ASNOC-AT-AAOC ~ We Have Elevated – “Convenience” – And – A Simple-Minded Notion Of Convenience – At That – Above All Other Considerations

~ ITLTP-F-40Y-STR-STCW-A-F-S/P/A/I-TIWYG ~ If You Lie To People – For – 40 Years – Screw Them Royally – Steal The Country’s Wealth – And – Feed – Suspicion / Paranoia / Anxiety / Ignorance – This Is What You Get

~ MO-HWHTO-T-E/T/D-R-TAT-MC-BTSOOW ~ Media Outlets – Have Worked Hard To Obscure – The – Economic / Technological / Deregulatory – Realities – That Are The – Main Culprits – Behind The Struggles Of Ordinary Workers

~ OI-OC-O-APS-CF-SWEO-WWBATA-T-M-IAT-P-WH ~ Only If – Ordinary Citizens – Of – All Political Stripes – Can Find – Solidarity With Each Other – Will We Be Able To Address – The – Most – Important And Threatening – Problems – We Have

~ WLBN-A-WS-IAC-WCCD ~ We Live By Narratives – And – We Seek – Integration And Coherence – We Can Connect Dots

~ WW-SU-AF-CAD-F-II-HW-A-S-B-T-ASS-T-CATAOS ~ WebWorld – Seduces Us – Away From – Confusing And Difficult – Fare – It Is – Hard Work – And – Sometimes – Boring – To – Adequately Study Something – To – Consider All The Aspects Of Something

~ T-EQOE-AA-IT-I ~ The – Essential Quality Of Ecosystems – Above All – Is Their – Interconnectedness

~ RS-A-S-CDS-MM-HOR ~ Rising Seas – And – Salt-Contaminated Drinking Supplies – Massive Migrations – Hordes Of Refugees

~ F-OE-TS-A-OE-ES-HNR-TT-MPR-OT-P/B/C-W ~ Fundamentally – Our Entire – Technological System – And – Our Entire – Economic System – Have No Relationship – To The – Most Primary Realities – Of The – Physical / Biological / Chemical – World

~ TF-WHMR-F-PTB-EM-D/F/E-~ The Future – Will Hold Many Reasons – For – People To Become – Even More – Depressed / Fearful / Emotional

~ IA-FAD-W-FAE-WCTDTRTP-E-WBT-P-S-B ~ In A – Frightening And Deteriorating World – Fear And Emotions – Will Come To Dominate The Responses That People – Everywhere – Will Bring To – Planetary-Scale-Breakdowns

~ WIMC-I-TTIOATPOTP-WQONRWU-HM-PAW-WG-A-TDTWWU-I-BAC-OT-B ~ What Is Most Critical – Is – The Total Impact Of All The People On The Planet – What Quantity Of Natural Resources We Use – How Much – Pollution And Waste– We Generate – And – The Degree To Which We Upset – Important – Balances And Cycles – Of The – Biosphere

~ V-NB-I-B-B-G/A/D ~ Victimized – Not By – Immigrants – But – By – Globalization / Automation / Deregulation

~ HNOP-W-B-FTF-SC-A-ED ~ Huge Numbers Of People – Will – Be – Forced To Flee – Societal Collapse – And – Ecological Devastation

~ OESNTBMS ~ Our Economic System Needs To Be Made Sustainable

~ TI-A-M-NOWTGF-A-NOWTH ~ This Is – A – Message – No One Wants To Give – And – No One Wants To Hear

DAVID GRAEBER ~ CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL CAPITALISM ~ THE DEMOCRACY PROJECT ~ 2013

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~ CGC ~ Contemporary Global Capitalism

~ CGC-DB-S/CT/GC ~ Contemporary Global Capitalism – Dominated By – Speculators / Currency Traders / Government Contractors

~ GC-WSFSNATPBC-POT-FG-OTTTKTPFT-HPOOPI-EUGTFT-PS-T-HF-A-E-P-IF-T-ES-O-CP-DOT ~ Government Contractors – Why Such Firms Should Not At This Point Be Considered – Part Of The – Federal Government – Other Than That They Keep Their Profits For Themselves – Huge Proportions Of Ordinary People’s Incomes – End Up Going To Feed This – Predatory System – Through – Hidden Fees – And – Especially – Penalties – In Fact – The – Entire System – Is Now Geared Toward Ensuring We Make Such Mistakes – Since – The – Entire System – Of – Corporate Profits – Depends On Them

~HMOA POTAIEU-FOT-T-FSI-?-TIITYS-S-FAAOJAEE ~ How Much Of A Proportion Of The Average Income Ends Up – Funnelled Off To – The – Financial Service Industry – ? – Figures Are Available On Just About Everything Else

~ T-D-OT-FI-FU ~ The – Depredations – Of The – Financial Industry – Fall Unevenly

ROB BROTHERTON ~ WHY WE FALL FOR FAKE NEWS ~ 2020

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~ PHBCT-NI-FS-FN-FBALATHBA-NI ~ People Have Been Criticizing The – News Industry – For Spreading – Fake News – For Basically As Long As There Has Been A – News Industry

~ WTTTO-OP-A-LR-A-MC-T-O ~ We Tend To Think Of – Other People – As – Less Rational – And – More Conformist – Than – Ourselves

~ TMDPAFU-TMWTTTOTA-VTI ~ The More Different People Are From Us – The More We Tend To Think Of Them As – Vulnerable To Influence

~ INTWW-TWTBE-B-IWBE-WI?-A-IYWTNR-YCBFF-TTWIE-ICSL-OESO-D-FB-T-FB-A ~ It’s Not That We Want – The World To Be Ending – But – It Would Be Exciting – Wouldn’t It? – And – If You Watch The News Regularly – You Could Be Forgiven For – Thinking The World Is Ending – It Can Seem Like – One Endless Stream Of – Disaster – Followed By – Tragedy – Followed By – Atrocity

~ DT-TAE-O-TN-PIPF-DAG-IBNA-W-WG ~ Decrying The – Tropes And Excesses – Of – The News – Particularly Its Proclivity For – Doom And Gloom – Is By Now A – Well-Worn Genre

~ IIB-IL ~ If It Bleeds – It Leads

~ OPF-O-ID-CTOEIOAP ~ One Personality Flaw – Or – Ignoble Deed – Can Taint Our Entire Impression Of A Person

~ A – Bad Reputation – Is – Easy To Acquire – And – Hard To Shake – Whereas – A – Good Reputation – Is – Hard-Won – And – Easily Lost

~ TTTO-DNMYH-B-TOL-MUAL ~ Telling The Truth Once – Does Not Make You Honest – But – Telling One Lie – Makes You A Liar

~ T-BE-TBU-B-SS-A-MS-TTSOIOM-MT-GE ~ The – Bad Events – That Befall Us – Both – Small Slights – And – Major Setbacks – Tend To Stand Out In Our Minds – More Than – Good Events

~ IAFS-BT-GOAMT-GT-WR-BE-MT-G-A-WLB-W-P-F-WR-T-W-R-F-CR ~ In A Fundamental Sense – Bad Things – Grab Our Attention More Than – Good Things – We Remember – Bad Experiences – More Than – Good – And – We Learn Better – When – Punished – For – Wrong Responses – Than – When – Rewarded – For – Correct Responses

~ DOFPTTTMOI-IOT-BN-TWWT-RAS ~ Despite Our Frequent Protestations That There’s Too Much Of It – It’s Often The – Bad News – That We Want To – Read And Share

~ ‘BN’-I-T-CP-O-ET ~ “Breaking News” – Is – The – Current Pinnacle – Of – Expected Timeliness

~ PCR-A-SPOI-AAT ~ People Can Remember – Around – Seven Pieces Of Information – At A Time

~ WPH-TMC-TRS-TM-OWC ~ When People Have – Too Many Choices – The Research Suggested – They Make – Objectively Worse Choices

~ TI-IWBNTA-TATWSPTITVNWC-WBAUG-B-ICBEMTWIOAA-CM ~ The Internet – It Would Be Naive To Assume – That A Technology With Such Potential To Influence The Very News We Consume – Would Be An Unmitigated Good – But – It Could Be Equally Misguided To Write It Off As A – Catastrophic Mistake

~ INECWP-DOAAE-NUTATCTI-MWFEITPTIAT-A-TTETYCEIIMBT-IETTTNS-A-ATIIT ~ Its Not Entirely Clear Why Photos – Devoid Of Any Actual Evidence – Nudge Us Toward Accepting The Clams They Illustrate – Maybe We Find Evidence In The Photos That Isn’t Actually There – And – To The Extent That You Can Easily Imagine It Might Be True – It’s Easier To Take The Next Step – And – Assume That It Is True

~ P-C-IT-TOC-P-ROWTTUAAA-CJM-TFT ~ Photos – Can – Inflate The – Truthiness Of Claims – Photos – Regardless Of Whether They Tell Us Anything At All – Can Just Make – Things Feel True

~ ITETSW-D-WUIT-P-TA-ISU-MP-HBBTLB-FAF-STDOP ~ It’s Too Early To Say Whether – Deepfakes – Will Usher In The – Post-Truth Apocalypse – It Seems Unlikely – Manipulated Photos – Have Been Blurring The Line Between – Fact And Fiction – Since The Dawn Of Photojournalism

~IYWTMP-YDNTGTTTO-F-AP-O-AV-UI-CDTJJF-RP-CHMPB-FN ~ If You Want To Mislead People – You Don’t Need To Go To The Trouble Of – Faking – A Photo – Or – A Video – Unmanipulate Images – Can Do The Job Just Fine – Real Photos – Can Help Make People Believe – Fake News

~ WSTW-TTLO-OEB ~ We See The World – Through The Lens Of – Our Existing Beliefs

~ A-WP-LTC-T-RT-‘E’-A-MP-WT-DLTC-T-RT-E-A-W ~ Again – When People – Liked The Conclusions – They – Rated The – “Evidence” – As – More Persuasive – When They – Didn’t Like The Conclusions – They – Rated The – Evidence – As – Weaker

~ IHTAA-WN-S-I-F ~ It’s Harder To Agree About – Which News – Specifically – Is – Fake

~ FDSFT;WCTWETTOTCTBU ~ Facts Don’t Speak For Themselves; We’re Constantly Tasked With Evaluating The Truth Of The Claims That Bombard Us

~ TIOA-‘PT’-S-STWOA-GA-W-ECAA-WWT-A-WW-B-TWNTC ~ The Idea Of A – “Post-Truth” – Society – Suggests There Was Once A – Golden Age – When – Everyone Could Agree About – What Was True – And – What Wasn’t – But – That Was Never The Case

~ TI-I-A-UI ~ True Impartiality – Is – An – Unattainable Ideal

~ “Fake News” – Meaning – Outright Lies Masquerading As News – Is Just – The Highly Visible Tip Of A Much Larger Iceberg – Sensationalism / Negativity / Bias / Inaccurate Facts / Misleading Interpretations – Are – Just As Concerning – And – Far More Pervasive

~ We’re Quick To Call Bias On News That We Don’t Agree With – But – More Reluctant To Acknowledge Bias In The News That We Approve Of – We’re Slower Still To Realize How Our Own Beliefs Shape Our Perception Of The World To Begin With

~ WMNBAT-AATF-IWCEA-WF-A-WO ~ We May Never Be Able To – Agree About The Facts – If We Can’t Even Agree – What’s Fact – And – What’s Opinion

AMARTYA SEN ~ THE IDEA OF JUSTICE ~ 2009

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~ MAON-ACB-PWAD ~ Many Acts Of Nastiness – Are Committed By – People Who Are Deluded

~ OOTMPIFO-R-ITIHUT-SI-A-BB ~ One Of The Main Points In Favour Of – Reason – Is That It Helps Us To – Scrutinize Ideology – And – Blind Belief

~ R-CBCW-TRWO-V-A-T-OP/OC/OC-A-W-EDGFRAT-WCARA-OOM-A-TTLNTRT ~ Reasoning – Can Be Concerned With – The Right Way Of – Viewing – And – Treating – Other People / Other Cultures / Other Claims – And – With – Examining Different Grounds For Respect And Tolerance – We Can Also Reason About – Our Own Mistakes – And – Try To Learn Not To Repeat Them

~ M-CD-F-CI-RF-UF-MAC-BO-R-A-CS ~ Millions – Can Die – From – Calamitous Inaction – Resulting From – Unreasoned Fatalism – Masquerading As Composure – Based On – Realism – And – Common Sense

~ T-N-A-D-OT-NE-AHSP ~ The – Neglect – And – Deterioration – Of The – Natural Environment – A Hugely Serious Problem

~ TPC-CB-H-N-O-CO-WN-CS-NJ-GWTO ~ To Prevent Catastrophes – Caused By – Human – Negligence – Or – Callous Obduracy – We Need – Critical Scrutiny – Not Just – Good Will Towards Others

~ NGO-UI-A-UFS ~ Not Giving Or – Unscrutinized Instincts – An – Unconditional Final Say

~ JAF-B-WIF?-ICBSAADFI ~ Justice As Fairness – But – What Is Fairness? – It Can Broadly Be Seen As A Demand For Impartiality

~ HTTNO-DATM-A-TAA-OSOPOJFTTEG ~ How To Take Note Of – Diversities Among The Members – And – To Arrive At – One Set Of Principles Of Justice Fair To The Entire Group

~ LCBRTBOAFTCOF ~ Liberty Cannot Be Reduced To Being Only A Facility That Complements Other Facilities

~ T-IR-O-AB ~ The – Inescapable Relevance – Of – Actual Behaviour

~ WRHTP-CBB-ACCOATOJ ~ What Really Happens To People – Cannot But Be – A Central Concern Of A Theory Of Justice

~ TROGP ~ The Relevance Of Global Perspectives

~ TCNOIC ~ The Contingent Nature Of Institutional Choice

~ TNIOUP-BB-IB-IVIFS-BA-B-PC ~ The Negative Influence Of Unchecked Power – Both Because – Institutional Balance – Is Very Important For Society – But Also – Because – Power Corrupts

~ IAF-ATOJ-HTGAIPTTROI-H-ITPJRTTTITMOJ-TBUONBCSTWAHITW-NMHETIATTB ~ Institutions As Foundations – Any Theory Of Justice – Has To Give An Important Place To The Role Of Institutions – However – Institutions That Promote Justice Rather Than Treating The Institutions Themselves Manifestations Of Justice – The Basic Unreliability Of Not Being Constantly Sensitive To What Actually Happens In The World – No Matter How Excellent The Institution Are Taken To Be

~ NOA-DAC-POTSMOTTOJ-IIATCT-TN-R-A-R-OTT-DOCF-DAD ~ Not Only Are – Dialogue And Communication – Part Of The Subject Matter Of The Theory Of Justice – It Is Also The Case That – The Nature – Robustness – And – Reach – Of The Theories – Depend On Contributions From – Discussion And Discourse

~ IIU-THADOTFOHB-TSSPWLM-FONTBIITFC ~ It Is Unsustainable – To Have A Defence Of The Freedom Of Human Beings – That Separates Some People Whose Liberties Matter – From Others Not To Be Included In That Favoured Category

~ JOJ-CBAEPA-TIUTO ~ Judgements Of Justice – Cannot Be An Entirely Private Affair – That Is Unfathomable To Others

~ TICAII-ITNOT-IAP-OTWANPTTSCOAP-B-WBSOTCODT ~ There Is Clearly An Important Issue – In The Neglect Of The – Interests And Perspectives – Of Those Who Are Not Parties To The Social Contract Of A Polity – But – Who Bear Some Of The Consequence Of Decisions Taken

~ TLRO-OP-ADTO-UAU-P-TBBIC-A-EUTBF-TITCF-DS-IS ~ The Liberating Role Of – Open Impartiality – Allows Different Types Of – Unprejudiced And Unbiased – Perspectives – To Be Brought Into Consideration – And – Encourages Us To Benefit From – The Insights That Come From – Differently Situated – Impartial Spectators

~ WWCS-I-NIOWWSIRTWWATTS ~ What We Can See – Is – Not Independent Of Where We Stand In Relation To What We Are Trying To See

~ WION?-TQOODTONHAHPITHOEIITW-WAIL-TAFN-NLITWT ~ Who Is Our Neighbour? – The Question Of One’s Duty To One’s Neighbours Has A Huge Place In The History Of Ethical Ideas In The World – We Are Increasingly Linked – There Are Few Non-Neighbours Left In The World Today

~ TAO-TCEHBHCTDMOMET-WMOTGPOTDHAETSDATVOTA-TDHN-H-ABPIE-TEAOEM-TEAAIPOUHB-TGEPIRIBRIS ~ The Assumption Of – The Completely Egoistic Human Being – Has Come To Dominate Much Of Mainstream Economic Theory – While Many Of The Great Practitioners Of The Discipline Have Also Expressed Their Serious Doubts About The Veracity Of That Assumption – This Dichotomy Has Not – However – Always Been Present In Economics – The Early Authors On Economic Matters – Took Ethics As An Important Part Of Understanding Human Behaviour – They Gave Ethical Principles Important Roles In Behavioural Relations In Society

~ BCOTDAPOO-NNBSAAVOR ~ Being Considerate Of The Desires And Pursuits Of Others – Need Not Be Seen As A Violation Of Rationality

~ TATGWOBATAO-MBTC-N-AC-TCBE-A-SN-TMWVITD ~ There Are Two Grand Ways Of Bringing About The Attainment Of – Mutual Benefits Through Cooperation – Namely – Agreed Contracts – That Can Be Enforced – And – Social Norms – That May Work Voluntarily In That Direction

~ PACD ~ Poverty As Capability Deprivation

~ MCBD-NOT-DTPOD-B-A-TRII ~ Much Can Be Done – Not Only To – Diminish The Penalty Of Disability – But – Also – To – Reduce Its Incidence

~ WHTCBT-FOA-A-TNOT-CAO-THAA-UOL ~ We Have To Consider Both The – Freedom Of Action – And – The Nature Of The – Consequences And Outcomes – To Have An Adequate – Understanding Of Liberty

~ COD-NMHVTMBITR-MFSWOATDAO-PG ~ Critics Of Democracy – No Matter How Vigorous They May Be In Their Rejection – Must Find Some Way Of Addressing The Deep Attraction Of – Participatory Governance

~ TVT-D-IBSA-‘GBD’-HG-WS ~ The View That – Democracy – Is Best Seen As – “Government By Discussion” – Has Gained – Widespread Support

~ WDNHTBBIACWALDH-T-CTPT ~ We Do Not Have To Be Born In A Country With A Long Democratic History – To – Choose That Path Today

~ IAU-FOV-R-O-O-CAA-T-FOTP-I-CTTP ~ Informed And Unregimented – Formation Of Values – Requires – Openness – Of – Communication And Argument – The – Freedom Of The Press – Is – Crucial To This Process

~ I-AMIRTS-TROM-AEO-DOD-I-T-LCBGWHTRMR ~ If – A Majority Is Ready To Support – The Rights Of Minorities – And Even Of – Dissenting Or Discordant – Individuals – Then – Liberty Can Be Guaranteed Without Having To Restrain Majority Rule

~ O-MEIPR-I-QCT-TPOJ ~ Open-Minded Engagement In Public Reasoning – Is – Quite Central To – The Pursuit Of Justice

~ JBSTBD ~ Justice Being Seen To Be Done

~ N-P-A-RFJ ~ Non-Parochialism – A – Requirement Or Justice